Reliable labelling systems are essential for consistent product identification, accurate label placement, and packaging efficiency. Selecting the correct machine requires matching the equipment to the specific characteristics of each container. Bottles, vials, and jars vary in wall shape, surface regularity, height, and diameter, making equipment compatibility a critical engineering decision. To achieve reliable performance, all packaging variations should be assessed by a specialist experienced in labelling and packaging equipment. 

Core Principles of Effective Labeling

The labelling process consists of several controlled mechanical and adhesive-transfer stages. Each stage must operate precisely to ensure consistent results

Label Feed- The label is drawn from the roll and routed through the machine using rollers or tension-controlled guides.

Label Pickup- Pickup may be achieved via: 

• suction cups
• compressed air
• buffer pads 
• rollers 
• secondary adhesive systems

Label Application- The adhesive side is applied to the container using full-surface, vertical, or horizontal pads, supported by roller pressure for uniform bonding. 

Compression and Securing- Once positioned, the label is secured using: 

• buffer pads
• compressed air 
• belts
•  brushes

Container Motion Path- Containers may travel: 

• linearly, or 
• via rotary systems for high-speed applications.

Industrial labelling machines can exceed 50,000 bottles per hour.

Categories of Labelling Machines

Semi-Automatic Labelling Machines

Semi-automatic systems require manual placement of each container before the labelling cycle is triggered using:

• a turn handle
• a push button
• a foot pedal

Suitable for small to mid-scale operations requiring flexibility and short changeover times. Models:

 High-Capacity Semi-Automatic Systems 

The Benchmax supports the widest range of product sizes and offers high application speeds suitable for industrial output. It applies transparent or clear labels with high precision.

Fully Automatic Labelling Machines

Fully automatic systems integrate into production lines following filling and capping. Conveyors transfer containers across each station. 

Automated lines may include: 

• depalletisers
• filling modules
• capping heads
• labelling stations
• automated packing systems

The Polaris Line demonstrates a complete automated workflow from filling through to finished bottles. 

Common Types of Labeling Machines Used in Production 

Labeling machines generally come in two formats: semi-automatic and fully automatic. Semi-automatic labeling machines require manual placement of each bottle or container before the labeling cycle begins, and the operation is typically triggered by a turn handle, button, or foot pedal.

Fully automatic labeling machines are integrated directly into the production line, usually following the filling and capping stages. These systems rely on conveyors to move packaging through each section of the process. Containers may be fed in automatically by a depalletizer and packed at the exit point by machine, though these steps can also be performed manually depending on the overall line configuration and equipment capabilities. 

Benchmate: An Entry-Level Semi-Automatic Labeling Solution

Manufactured in Australia, the Benchmate delivers excellent performance in the entry-level category. This manually operated label applicator is driven by a simple turn handle.

Semi-Automatic Labeling Machine for Mid-Level Production

The Benchmark, also manufactured in Australia, is the next level up from the Benchmate and can apply single, full wrap-around, or front-and-back labels with ease.

High-Capacity Semi-Automatic Labeling Machine

The Benchmax handles the widest range of product sizes and delivers exceptional speed, making it ideal for high-output industrial applications. It’s user-friendly and supports precise application of transparent or clear labels.

Observe the foot-pedal system in use. 

Fully Automated Labeling Systems 

Watch the full Polaris Line showcase, demonstrating filling, capping, and labeling from start to finish.

View the entire workflow of filling, capping, and labeling. 

Common Labeling Issues

Over the years, I’ve encountered a wide range of labelling problems and have helped many producers fine-tune their equipment, as correct setup and label tension are absolutely critical. Some of the most common labelling issues arise because: 

• Tearing often happens when the wrong label material is used during production. In some cases, poor machine calibration can prevent labels from applying smoothly, causing them to drag across the container and tear. 
• Peeling often happens when moisture is present or when the adhesive has aged or isn’t the right type for the application. 
• Curling typically appears when the adhesive releases from the container, which is more common in colder environments, such as refrigeration. It can also stem from die strikes created during the label-cutting process. These die-cutting issues tend to be more noticeable on automated production lines. 
• Die strikes can occur during the label manufacturing stage, and it is the label supplier’s responsibility to ensure their equipment is calibrated and operating correctly to prevent them. 
• Wrinkling and folds develop when a label is applied incorrectly to the bottle or container. Manufacturing inconsistencies in the container’s sidewall can also prevent the label from adhering smoothly. Proper label tension is essential as well—if the tensioner is worn or malfunctioning, it can lead to wrinkling, folding, or the formation of ridges during application. 
• Bubbles typically appear when the container or bottle has surface inconsistencies, preventing the label from adhering evenly across the wall. 
• Clear labels won’t apply properly when the sensor is unable to detect the gap between each label.

Correct setup of the labelling machine is essential. Below, you can see the BenchMax being adjusted for operation:

Importance of Expert System Configuration

Correct configuration of equipment, such as the BenchMARK and BenchMAX systems, requires:

• precision tension control
• accurate sensor calibration
• pressure pad adjustment
• roller alignment
• verification of material compatibility

These steps ensure repeatability and reliable performance. 

Summary and Technical Recommendations 

• Work with an experienced labelling specialist during selection and commissioning. 
• Confirm compatibility between the machine design and all container dimensions and materials
• Perform routine calibration and mechanical inspections.
• Ensure appropriate label material selection to avoid common application issues. 

A label is a critical component of product presentation and an extension of brand identity. Reliable equipment ensures consistent quality, operational efficiency, and long-term cost stability. 

See more about:

•  Benchmate Semi-automatic Labelling machine
•  Benchmark Semi-automatic Labelling machine
•  Benchmax Semi-automatic Labelling machine
• Polaris Fully Automated line 

If you require guidance in selecting labelling equipment, you can contact The Olive Centre on 07 4696 9845 or email sales@theolivecentre.com.au. Having details about your bottles or containers, as well as your label sizes and shapes, will help us assist you more effectively.

Overview of Great Engineering

Australian-made, Great Engineering labellers offer a suite of features that position them among the best in the industry. These pressure-sensitive labelling machines represent a new generation of “on-demand” equipment designed for cylindrical containers. They’re ideal for sectors such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, wine, essential oils, edible oils, brewing, contract packaging, health foods, and preserves — providing consistent product identification and strong shelf presence for any round container. With a global reputation for reliability and performance, their machines are now exported to 55 countries and are recognised for their innovative engineering and high manufacturing quality. 

BRANDS: https://theolivecentre.com/brand/great-engineering-labelling-machines-benchmark-benchmate-olive-oil

About Polaris Automazioni

Polaris Automazioni has been active in the bottling sector since the 1960s, operating from its facility in Reggio nell’Emilia, Italy. Over time, the company has become highly specialised in developing and manufacturing automatic filling systems for unique and specialty bottles, a product line that has achieved strong success in markets worldwide.

The company now offers an extensive range of machines featuring advanced technology, high production efficiency, and patented engineering, enabling them to meet a wide variety of industry needs. Today, the Polaris team continues to uphold the technical heritage established by its founder, driving further growth through a blend of expertise, innovation, and forward-looking design. 

•  Labelling machines
• Automated Filling Lines
• https://theolivecentre.com/brand/polaris-automazioni-automated-bottling-olive-oil-line-ma chinery

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is extremely sensitive to light, oxygen, heat and metal contact. Packaging, therefore, plays a direct role in how long an olive oil remains “extra virgin.” Major reviews from UC Davis emphasise that optimal packaging must reduce light exposure, oxygen ingress, and headspace, while also ensuring cool storage. At the same time, producers—especially small to medium Australian growers—must consider costs, machinery requirements, recyclability, consumer preferences, and minimum order quantities (MOQ). Below is the most complete and updated comparison of all common packaging formats.

1. Plastic Bottles (PET)

Quality & Shelf Life

PET offers convenience and low cost but has moderate oxygen permeability and allows light penetration, which accelerates oxidation. A 2023 study showed PET-stored EVOO experienced higher acidity, peroxide values, UV oxidation indices and sensory degradation over 12 months—especially at elevated temperatures.

Chemical Safety

Migration of PET oligomers and antimony into oil is within regulatory limits, but increases under heat.

Sustainability

rPET has a lower carbon footprint than glass, but Australian recycling for PET varies by region.

Practicality

• Cheapest and compatible with basic filling lines.
• Lightweight and non-breakable.
  
• Perceived as lower-quality for premium EVOO.
  

Best for: High-turnover oils sold quickly and stored cool.

2. Metal Cans (Tinplate or Aluminium with Food-Grade Lining)

Quality & Shelf Life

Metal cans provide total light protection and excellent oxygen barrier characteristics. UC Davis stresses that lined cans effectively prevent metal migration and protect quality.

Compared with BIB, cans may show slightly faster oxidation when half-empty, but still protect oil well if stored cool. A 24-month study found both cans and BIB maintained EVOO within legal quality limits.

Consumer & Practical Benefits

• Easily filled by weight, needing no specialised equipment.
• Compatible with pull-up pourers that provide tamper evidence and reduce leakage.
  
• High consumer trust-no plastic contact with oil.
  
• Stackable and ideal for 3–20 L formats.
  

Sustainability

Steel and aluminium have high recycling rates in Australia.

Many producers prefer cans because Australian consumers are increasingly concerned about soft plastics, especially given the collapse of local soft-plastic recycling schemes (e.g., REDcycle).

Best for: Bulk, foodservice, premium oils, export, and producers who want reliability without specialised equipment.

3. Coloured Glass Bottles (Green / Amber)

Quality & Shelf Life

Glass is chemically inert. Coloured glass offers some UV and visible light protection—amber performs better than green - but clear glass accelerates photo-oxidation significantly.

Coloured glass slows degradation but still allows some light through, so shelf lighting and storage conditions matter.

Practicality

• Easy to fill.
• Caps can be hand-applied, or producers can install a screw-cap capping machine that forms the thread consistently, reducing leakage.
  
• Widely accepted for retail and gifting.
  

Sustainability

Highly recyclable, but heavy to transport. Bottle breakage is an inconvenience for producers.

Best for: Premium retail oils with attention to storage conditions.

4. Clear Glass Bottles

Research shows clear glass provides almost no light protection, leading to rapid losses in phenolics and faster oxidation.

UC Davis warns that clear glass should be avoided unless heavily covered by labels or cartons.

Best for: Fast-moving products or promotional oils kept strictly in the dark.

5. Bag-in-Box (BIB)

Quality & Shelf Life

Bag-in-box offers some of the best oxygen protection because the collapsing bag limits headspace oxygen, and the cardboard blocks light. Numerous studies, including 12- to 24-month trials, confirm superior preservation of phenolics, freshness, and sensory properties compared with bottles and cans.

Limitations for Australian Producers

• Requires costly specialised filling equipment (nitrogen flushing, precise tap sealing).
• High minimum order quantities for bags and taps.
  
• Soft plastics inside bags are not recyclable in most of Australia, causing consumer concern.
  

Consumer Perception

Plastic contact and disposal concerns hinder adoption, despite technical superiority.

Best for: Large producers with dedicated filling lines, subscription models, or export markets where BIB is accepted.

6. Bag-on-Valve (BOV) / Aerosol Pouch Systems

BOV packaging uses a hermetically sealed internal pouch separated from an external propellant. The oil never contacts the propellant; instead, it is dispensed by pressure.

Quality & Shelf Life

• Zero oxygen contact once sealed.
• Excellent light protection when used with opaque or metallic cans.
  
• Very low risk of oxidation compared with conventional bottles.
  

While formal olive oil-specific studies are limited, aerosol and BOV literature show extremely low oxygen ingress, making it ideal for sensitive oils.

Practical Benefits for Producers

• The Olive Centre can supply BOV systems, but minimum order quantities apply, increasing upfront cost.
• Allows controlled spray application, excellent for cooking oils, finishing oils, and portion control.
  
• Protects oil quality even after repeated use, unlike bottles that suck in air after each pour.
  

Consumer & Market Benefits

• Hygienic, non-drip, clean application.
• Perceived as modern and premium.
  

Limitations

• More expensive per unit than bottles or cans.
• Cannot be easily refilled or recycled as a single stream; consumers must dispose of the metal can + internal pouch.
  

Best for: High-end culinary oils, premium lines, foodservice, and producers wanting differentiation without investing in BIB equipment.

Practical Recommendations for Australian Producers

1. For maximum quality + minimal investment → Metal cans are the best balance: easy to fill by weight, compatible with tamper-evident pull-up pourers, highly recyclable, and very protective.
2. For premium bottled products → Use dark (preferably amber) glass, avoid clear glass unless fully shrouded, and invest in a thread-forming capping machine to prevent leaks.
   
3. For innovation and high-end markets → Bag-on-valve is an excellent oxygen-free system, ideal for dressings, premium oils, and portion control—MOQ applies, but no major filling-line overhaul is required.
   
4. For long shelf-life and export → Bag-in-box remains technically superior but is limited by consumer plastics concerns, poor soft-plastic recycling, and specialised filler cost.
   
5. For low-cost, high-turnover lines → PET can work if cool, dark storage is guaranteed. Not suitable for long-term premium EVOO.
   

Conclusion

Selecting the most suitable packaging for extra virgin olive oil hinges on finding the right balance between quality preservation, consumer expectations, and production practicality. Among all options, lined metal cans stand out as one of the most reliable and efficient choices: they are easy to fill by weight, offer excellent protection from light and oxygen, avoid consumer concerns around plastics, and are highly recyclable in Australia. Coloured glass bottles remain the strongest retail performer, pairing good product protection with strong shelf appeal and flexible filling options - from hand-applied caps to automated capping machines that minimise leakage risks. Clear glass should only be used for fast-moving products due to its poor light protection. 

 While innovative systems like bag-on-valve offer outstanding oxygen exclusion and controlled dispensing, their higher cost and MOQ requirements mean they are best suited for premium or specialised product lines. PET plastic bottles can work for value-oriented, short-shelf-life oils kept in cool, dark environments, but they are not ideal for long-term storage or premium markets. 

Overall, Australian producers benefit most by matching each packaging format to the oil’s intended shelf life, sales channel, and brand positioning. Thoughtful packaging selection not only safeguards quality but also streamlines production and aligns with evolving consumer and environmental expectations.

References

• UC Davis Olive Centre (2014). Packaging Influences on Olive Oil Quality: A Review of the Literature. University of California, Davis. (Comprehensive review of light, oxygen, metals, and packaging materials.)
• Pinto, M., Soares, C., Silva, A. S. et al. (2023). “Degradation and Migration in Olive Oil Packaged in Polyethylene Terephthalate under Thermal Treatment and Storage Conditions.” Applied Sciences, 14(17), 7507. (Examines chemical migration and quality loss in PET bottles.)
  
• Iqdiam, B., Hasan, M., Agouillal, F. et al. (2022). “Influence of Headspace Oxygen on Quality and Shelf Life of Extra Virgin Olive Oil During Storage.” Foods, 11(10), 1484. (Shows how oxygen exposure accelerates oxidation in packaged EVOO.)
  
• De Leonardis, A., Lopez, F., Macciola, V. (2021). “Effects of Bag-in-Box Packaging on Long-Term Shelf Life of Extra Virgin Olive Oil.” European Food Research and Technology, 247, 839–850. (24-month comparison study of BIB vs metal cans.)
  
• Abuhabib, M. M., Serri, N. A., Aljamal, A. et al. (2025). “Evaluation of Packaging Effects on the Phenolic Profile and Sensory Characteristics of Extra Virgin Olive Oil During Storage.” Foods, 14(14), 2532. (Shows BOV/BIB-type barrier systems outperform conventional packaging.)
  
• De Feo, G., Malvano, C., Sica, C. et al. (2023). “Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Glass Bottle and 100% Recycled PET Bottle for Extra-Virgin Olive Oil.” Sustainability, 15(4), 3665. (Shows rPET has a lower carbon footprint than glass.)
  
• Lolis, A., Katsouli, M., Kotsiou, K. et al. (2019). “Effect of Bag-in-Box Packaging on Quality Characteristics of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Stored Under Household and Abuse Temperature Conditions.” Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 21, 100368. (Demonstrates the protective effect of high-barrier films.).
  
• Esposto, S., Taticchi, A., Urbani, S. et al. (2022). “Effect of Light Exposure and Packaging Conditions on the Quality and Shelf Life of Virgin Olive Oil.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 102(10), 4304–4313. (Quantifies degradation rates in clear vs coloured containers.)
  
• FSANZ (Food Standards Australia New Zealand) (2020). Food Packaging and Migration Guidelines. (Authoritative reference for food-contact material safety, including PET and metal linings.)