Harvest time in the olive industry is a defining moment for olive oil and table olive producers. Efficient harvesting not only determines yield and profitability but also impacts fruit quality and timing for processing. Traditionally, picking olives by hand with poles, rakes, and nets was an arduous, labour-intensive process - in fact, manual harvesting with rakes and nets can account for 50% of an orchard’s production costs. Today the rising labour shortages and tighter margins, modern growers are increasingly turning to mechanisation to save time and money. The Olive Centre, a specialist supplier for the Australian olive industry, offers a full spectrum of harvesting equipment to address these needs - from state-of-the-art mechanical shakers like the Sicma harvesters to portable electric comb rakes, pneumatic rakes, nets, wheelable frames, and other accessories. This range of tools, paired with research-driven best practices, allows commercial groves to optimise harvest efficiency while maintaining fruit quality. Below, we explore each category of harvesting equipment available through The Olive Centre, focussing on key features, suitable applications, and insights from recent studies and field experience.

Mechanical Harvesters: Trunk Shakers and Self-Propelled Buggies

Mechanical harvesters are the heavyweights of olive harvesting - high frequency vibration systems built into the machines that shake fruit off trees with speed and efficiency. The Olive Centre provides a leading range of mechanical harvesters, including tractor-mounted shaker heads, skid-steer loader attachments, and dedicated self-propelled “buggy” harvesters. These systems use a vibrating head equipped with a clamp system that attaches to the tree’s trunk or main branches, transmitting high-frequency oscillations that travel with force to the higher branches holding olives to their stems. The result is a rapid cascade of olives into catching systems, often an inverted umbrella or frame beneath the tree. In well-designed groves, a single mechanical shaker can typically harvest 40–60 trees per hour (with a clamp-and-shake cycle of only 5-7 seconds per tree) - a dramatic improvement over manual picking rates. One Australian field review notes the jump from roughly 100 kg of olives per hour using the latest pneumatic or electric hand tools to approximately 500 kg per hour with efficient mechanical harvesting machines. This efficiency in throughput allows growers to bring in the crop at optimal ripeness and throughput, provided the subsequent milling capacity keeps pace. 

Modern trunk shakers come in various configurations to suit different operations and grove terrain. The Olive Centre’s lineup includes tractor PTO-driven models (e.g., vibrating heads mounted on a tractor’s three-point linkage or front-end loader), retrofittable kits for skid-steer loaders and telehandlers, and stand-alone self-propelled units often nicknamed “buggies.” For example, the Sicma B411 Plus is a compact 4-wheel-drive buggy harvester with a telescopic vibrating head and a 6-meter diameter catching umbrella. This machine can clamp onto trunks up to ~40 cm in diameter and shake the fruit free, which falls into the umbrella. The built-in catch frame on such harvesters typically holds 200–300 kg of olives, and can be emptied through a hydraulic trap door into bins or trailers for easy collection. Thanks to features like high-frequency self-centering shaker heads and rubberised clamps, these systems minimise bark damage while maximising fruit removal. 

In fact, a recent Italian field study on two olive cultivars achieved a 97% fruit removal rate using an advanced vibrating head and catch-frame system - virtually clearing trees in one shake. Mechanical harvesters are the workhorses of modern olive groves, enabling the timely harvest of large tonnages with a fraction of the manpower once required. 

Practical considerations: Adopting trunk shakers does require that groves be compatible with the machinery. 

• Adequate tree spacing (commonly ~7- 8 m × 5 m or more between trees) and a single main trunk form are ideal to allow machinery access and efficient vibration transfer. 
• Trunk clearance - Trees are often pruned to have a clear trunk at least 1 m high, which improves the shaker’s grip and vibration transmission through the canopy. 
• Sufficient tractor power and hydraulics are also key - for instance, a tractor-mounted shaker may demand ~80–100 HP and ~100 L/min hydraulic flow to operate effectively. 
• Terrain is another factor: on steep slopes (greater than ~20% incline), standard wheeled harvesters may struggle with stability and access. In such cases, tracked carriers or smaller equipment might be necessary, or growers may rely more on handheld tools. 

Hand-held - Electric and Pneumatic Harvesting Comb Rakes      

Not every olive grove can accommodate a large shaker in their operation, and not every producer needs one. Electric and pneumatic olive harvesters - essentially motorised or air-powered “comb” or “rake” units – fill an important role for small to mid-sized producers and for groves on difficult terrain. These are handheld or pole-mounted tools with vibrating tines that comb through the olive branches, knocking olives off much faster than purely manual picking. The Olive Centre offers several options in this category: 

• Electric rakes, such as the Infaco Electro’liv battery-powered harvester (available in a 48 V lithium model or a 12 V version that runs off a vehicle battery) and Lisam pneumatic olive rakes that connect to an air compressor. Electric harvesters tend to be lightweight, portable, and quiet - ideal for small crews moving tree to tree with backpack batteries or long cables. 
• Pneumatic rakes, on the other hand, are favored by some larger operations that have tractor-mounted air compressors; they deliver very high-speed combing action and can run continuously as long as the air supply is maintained. Both types often feature interchangeable plastic or carbon-fiber tines (“fingers”) that oscillate or rotate to strike olives off the branches into waiting nets or sheets on the ground.  The Olive Centre can offer any of the Australian Airmac compressor range.

Despite being smaller-scale than trunk shakers, electric and pneumatic harvesters substantially improve productivity over manual hand picking. Field data and grower reports suggest a single worker with a modern pneumatic or electric rake can harvest on the order of 80–120 kg of olives per hour (depending on tree yield and skill) - several times what hand picking would yield. One recent analysis noted about 100 kg/hour as a benchmark using the latest pneumatic or electric rakes. These tools are therefore very useful for reducing labour hours and addressing seasonal labour shortages, which have become a recurrent obstacle in olive production. They also excel in groves where tree spacing or steep hilly terrain make it impractical to bring in heavy machinery. Operators can simply lay out nets under a tree and work through the canopy with the powered rake, a method that is far less fatiguing than beating branches with poles.  

Handheld harvesters do require proximity to each tree and are typically used by multiple workers. The efficiency per person is lower than a single large shaker with a catch frame (which can outpace a whole team of people), so producers must balance equipment investment with their useage capability and available labor. In many cases, electric or pneumatic combs are the preferred solution for small olive groves, where gentle handling and selective harvesting might be needed. They cause minimal damage when used properly, though some fruit bruising can occur – so harvested olives, especially table varieties, usually are collected onto nets or padding and not dropped from excessive heights to avoid bruising. Research into gentler harvesting continues: for instance, trials in California have combined canopy shaking with trunk shaking to improve efficiency for table olives. This method increased fruit removal by 75% and delivered higher-quality, less-damaged fruit compared to using either method alone. While such dual-method harvesters are still in development for table olives, it underscores that even in the realm of smaller-scale equipment, innovation is boosting performance. The Olive Centre stays abreast of these developments, supplying trusted brands (like Electric tools by Infaco, & Pneumatic equipment by Lisam) that have a track record in international olive cultivation. For growers, electric and pneumatic harvesters represent a relatively affordable and versatile investment to significantly cut harvest time and labour costs without the need for heavy machinery and a much bigger budget. 

Nets, Rakes, Catching Frames and Other Harvesting Accessories

Harvesting equipment is not just about the machines that detach olives - it also encompasses all the tools that catch, collect, and transport the fruit once it’s off the tree. The Olive Centre offers a wide array of “catch and carry” accessories to support efficient harvesting operations. Among these are harvest nets and catching frames. Traditionally, tarps or nets are spread under olive trees to collect olives as they are hand-picked or knocked down with poles. Today’s purpose-made olive nets are durable, UV-resistant, and come in various sizes that can be fitted around trunk bases. They drastically reduce the time needed to gather fallen olives and prevent fruit loss on the ground. Some modern harvesters use an umbrella-style catching frame – essentially a large circular net on a frame that can be deployed under the tree (either by a person or as an attachment on a machine) to catch olives as they rain down. The Olive Centre offers products like a 5–6 m diameter catching frame that can be positioned around the trunk to funnel olives into an Industry-standard Orange Crate and will fit about 20kgs of fruit per crate. Such frames can be a game-changer for groves still harvested by hand or with electric or pneumatic combs, as they keep fruit off the soil (maintaining cleanliness and quality) and make collection faster. 

Image:  Major Catching Harvest Frame

The introduction of nets and basic mechanical aids in the mid-20th century was one of the first steps to mechanising olive harvests, replacing ladders and ground picking to reduce work time and safety risks for workers.

Another staple harvest accessory is hand rakes and picking tools. These simple, hand-driven rake devices (often plastic combs capable of making them a reachable unit by installing a broom handle) allow pickers to strip olives from branches more efficiently than by handpicking each fruit.  A broom handle sourced at a local hardware store can be inserted into the back of the handle to make these reach greater heights.   The Olive Centre’s catalogue includes these manual rakes that are useful for growers starting out, for very small operations or used with a large team.  .

Picking bags and baskets are also important: workers can wear a picking bag to drop olives into as they hand-pick or move along the rows, then empty the bags into crates or bins periodically. Good picking bags distribute weight, are not too large and often have a quick-release bottom to safely transfer olives without spillage and impact which minimises bruising. 

Crates and bins round out the harvest accessories – The Olive Centre provides vented plastic orange olive crates (around 15–20 kg capacity each) and heavy-duty pallet bins (~400 kg capacity) to safely store and transport harvested olives. These containers are food-grade and ventilated to prevent heat buildup or fermentation of olives before milling. They can be moved with tractors or forklifts, streamlining the post-harvest logistics.

Image:  Orange Olive Crate

When it comes to moving bulk olives in the field, trailers and bins become essential. Many mechanical harvesting setups integrate with trailers; for example, a tractor shaking unit might drop fruit onto a towed trailer with a catching cloth, or a self-propelled buggy like the Sicma has its own bin reservoir that can be emptied into a trailer via a trap door. Even independent of mechanical shakers, growers often use tractor-pulled trailers to ferry filled pallet bins from the grove to the processing area. The Olive Centre can supply specialised bin trailer equipment and tipping mechanisms that make this process more efficient. The overall goal of all these accessories is to preserve fruit quality and save labour between the tree and the mill. Every hour saved collecting olives from the ground or transferring them to storage is efficiency gained in getting the olives to processing, which can be critical for oil quality. Research consistently emphasises rapid processing of olives after harvest (generally within 24 hours is best practice) to maintain low free fatty acidity and high polyphenol content. By using proper harvest aids - nets to keep olives clean, bins to avoid fruit piles overheating, and trailers to quickly haul fruit - producers can better achieve those quality goals.  

Download Olive Harvesting Range Catalogue

Optimising Harvest Efficiency and Fruit Quality: Research Insights

Equipping an olive operation with the right tools is half the battle; the other half is using them in an optimised harvest strategy. Fortunately, extensive academic and industry research offers guidance on how to mechanise effectively without compromising the olives. One key concept is fruit detachment force (FDF) - essentially, how strongly an olive is attached to its branch. FDF decreases as olives ripen, which is why oil olives (allowed to ripen longer) are generally easier to remove, whereas table olives (picked green) are much more stubborn. A University of California study noted that table olives have a fruit removal force of about 0.5 kg - meaning they require significantly more shaking or even chemical loosening to enhance fruit removal. Oil olives, usuall progressed in manturation (compared to green table fruit), have a lower detachment force, and modern high-density oil cultivars are usually harvested by over-the-row machinery like an Moresil, Oxbo, New Holland or Colossus. This explains why trunk shakers and canopy shakers are an innovation mainly needed for table olive orchards (to address their high FDF), whereas oil olive groves in super-high-density (SHD) systems can be harvested by modified grape harvesters that strip fruit with minimal effort. For producers, understanding their varieties’ detachment characteristics can inform which equipment to use and whether strategies like applying an abscission agent (fruit loosening spray) might be worthwhile. In ongoing trials, compounds like ethephon are being tested to reduce olive attachment strength and thus increase mechanical harvester efficiency.  Use fruit loosening agents with caution as improper use can defolate the entire tree.

Another insight from research is the importance of grove design and pruning in mechanical harvesting success. A tree with an open, accessible structure (single trunk, properly managed canopy) should yield better results with shakers. Studies from Europe have documented that tree architecture and pruning style significantly affect vibration transmission and fruit removal. Many growers now implement mechanical pruning and keep trees shorter to accommodate harvest machinery - a necessary adaptation as “there is no mechanical harvesting without orchard and canopy adaptation,” as one agricultural engineer famously put it. This might mean switching to hedgestyle planting (250–300 trees/ha) if one plans to use over-the-row harvesters, or simply maintaining a 6– 8 m spacing and a vase or single leader form for traditional orchards using trunk shakers. The Olive Centre, beyond just providing equipment, also provides grove consulting services to help producers plan such transitions, ensuring that investments in machinery are matched by an orchard setup that maximises efficiency and minimises fruit loss. 

Finally, research confirms that speed and timing of harvest are crucial for quality. Mechanical harvesters enable a very fast picking ....  entire blocks can be harvested at the optimal ripeness window rather than stretched over weeks. By concentrating harvest in the optimal period, growers can obtain olives at peak oil quality and get them milled promptly. 

Evidence from studies in Spain and Italy shows that when olives are harvested at the right maturity and processed quickly, mechanisation does not impair oil quality metrics; on the contrary, timely harvesting can result in higher-quality extra virgin olive oil compared to a protracted hand harvest, where some fruit inevitably becomes overripe or delays in processing occur due to extended time duration needed. 

For table olives, minimising bruising is a bigger concern, and the research offers pointers - for instance, experiments have shown harvesting in the cool pre-dawn hours can reduce fruit bruising and respiration, improving the condition of mechanically harvested table olives. Such findings are encouraging producers to adjust harvest schedules and techniques (e.g., adding padding to catch frames or using conveyors instead of dropping olives into bins) to protect fruit quality.  

Tthe modern olive grower has an unprecedented range of harvesting equipment at their disposal, and when these tools are coupled with informed practices, the results are compelling: lower costs, higher efficiency, and preserved quality. Offering industry leading equipment - from Sicma’s cutting-edge shakers to nimble electric rakes, and all the supporting gear - reflects the evolving landscape of olive harvesting. By leveraging both technology and research-based know-how, commercial olive producers can confidently tackle the critical harvest season, bringing in the crop efficiently and at peak quality to ultimately produce better oil and table olives for the market.

Conclusion

Harvesting will always be a pivotal and challenging aspect of olive production, but it no longer needs to be a bottleneck. The range of equipment available through TheOliveCentre.com empowers growers to choose solutions tailored to their grove size, layout, and production goals. Whether it’s a robust mechanical harvester shaking 500 kg of olives per hour into an umbrella, or a team of workers with electric combs and nets swiftly stripping trees on a hillside, each approach offers advantages that can improve the bottom line. Importantly, ongoing innovation - much of it supported by academic and government research from Australia and abroad - continues to refine these tools and techniques for greater efficiency, ensuring that higher productivity does not come at the expense of fruit quality. With The Olive Centre’s expertise and equipment range (including their partnership with world-class harvesting machine manufacturers), Australian olive growers have access to the best of both worlds: advanced technology proven in international groves, and local knowledge and support to implement it successfully. The result is a harvest that’s faster, easier, and more profitable – helping producers focus on what comes next, turning those olives into exceptional oil and table olives for consumers to enjoy. 

References

• Amanda Bailey (2024). On Olives Blog: Technical overview of harvesting equipment and grove management for mechanical efficiency.
  
• AgriEngineering (2025). ‘Review on mechanical olive harvesting efficiency, costs, and quality outcomes’, AgriEngineering Journal, 7(2)
• Amanda Bailey, On Olives Blog (2024). Technical overview of harvesting equipment and grove management for mechanical efficiency.
  
• Sicma Harvesting Equipment (Product specifications). B411 Plus and related models with integrated catching umbrellas.
  
• University of California, Davis (2023). Studies on fruit detachment force and mechanical harvesting of table and oil olives. Department of Plant Sciences. Davis, CA.
  
• Spanish and Italian field trials (2019–2024). Results on vibration transmission, tree architecture, and fruit removal efficiency (97% removal with vibrating head systems).  (2019–2024). ‘Tree architecture, vibration transmission and fruit removal efficiency in mechanical olive harvesting’, European Journal of Agronomy.
  
• (2022–2024). ‘Impacts of harvest timing and handling on extra virgin olive oil quality’, Journal of Food Quality.
  

At the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Biosystems, researchers in Iran presented findings on why fruit and flower drop occurs in fruit trees and what growers can do to reduce losses. Drawing on their work, we explore the phenomenon of fruit and flower drop, the underlying causes, and practical remedies for orchard managers.    

The Role of Fruit Trees in Agriculture

Fruit trees contribute significantly to agricultural economies across the world. Their production supports farm income, provides employment for skilled horticulturists, and underpins industries ranging from fresh produce to processing and food manufacturing. Cultivation involves a complex mix of practices: careful irrigation management, balanced fertilisation, pruning, pest control, and the application of modern technologies. Beyond economics, fruit trees are valued for their nutritional contributions, supplying sugars, oils, proteins, vitamins, and essential minerals through both fresh consumption and processed goods.

The Phenomenon of Fruit and Flower Drop

Fruit and flower drop is a natural occurrence in many tree species. Its extent varies according to cultivar, climate, soil type, and orchard practices. In some cases, drop is beneficial, helping the tree regulate excessive fruit load through “natural thinning.” But when drop is excessive or occurs at the wrong stage, it becomes detrimental, reducing yields and profitability.

Researchers typically divide drop into three categories:

1. Natural Drop: This type results from competition between a very high number of flowers. Up to 90% of flowers and fruitlets may be shed in some species, but the remaining fruit usually develop adequately. Growers sometimes assist by thinning to ensure the fruit that remain receive sufficient nutrition and reach high quality.
2. Abnormal Drop: This type is more damaging because it affects flowers and fruits at various stages of development, including larger fruit, often reducing yields significantly.
   
3. Extreme Temperature Drop: This occurs during periods of hot, dry weather (often around June in many regions). While widespread, it usually has limited impact on the final crop load.

Causes of Abnormal Drop

Environmental Factors

• Extreme cold or heat events can damage blossoms or young fruit.
• Strong winds, particularly dust-laden storms, may strip flowers and fruit from trees.
  
• Heavy rainfall or hail can injure delicate blossoms.
  
• Excessive direct sunlight can cause sunburn, leading to premature fruit drop.
  

• High-pressure pesticide or nutrient spraying can dislodge flowers.
• Over-application or incorrect doses of sprays may also contribute to flower drop.
  

• Poor pollination and failed fertilisation result in flowers dropping.
• Over-competition for nutrients between flowers and developing fruit increases drop.
  
• Nutrient deficiencies, especially nitrogen and zinc, play a role.
  
• Irregular irrigation - including overwatering that suffocates roots - can trigger drop.
  
• Shallow soils limit root systems, reducing nutrient uptake and increasing drop.
  
• Weak or diseased leaves caused by pests, fungal infections, or poor tree health reduce a tree’s ability to support fruit.
  
• Misuse of plant growth regulators or tank mix errors in spraying can disrupt flowering.
  
• Infections of flowers or fruit by fungi or insects often lead to drop.
  
• Natural ripening and senescence also account for some degree of fruit shedding.
  

The Science Behind Fruit and Flower Drop

The underlying mechanism of drop is closely linked to plant hormones. As fruits grow, the concentration of auxins (growth-promoting hormones) declines, while ethylene levels rise. This shift lowers the fruit detachment force (FDF), weakening the connection between fruit and tree. The abscission zone (the separation layer) becomes increasingly sensitive to ethylene, causing fruit drop. Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity interact with these hormonal signals to intensify drop.

Remedies to Reduce Fruit and Flower Drop

Growers can apply several strategies to reduce drop and improve fruit set:

• Fertilisation: Apply fertilisers well before flowering to build soil fertility. Nitrogen should be supplied before bloom, not after, to avoid negative effects.
• Micronutrient Sprays: Foliar applications of calcium, zinc, and boron—adjusted for tree age and timing - can enhance pollination and fruit retention.
  
• Pruning: Moderate winter pruning balances vegetative growth with fruit production.
  
• Girdling: In some fruit tree industries (e.g., apples and pears), carefully removing a ring of bark from branches at flowering can improve fruit set.
  
• Irrigation Management: Avoid excessive watering during bloom and fruit set to prevent root suffocation.
  
• Growth Regulators: The use of auxin-based products, such as seaweed extracts (rich in auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins), can delay fruit drop and extend the flowering period.
  
• Pest and Disease Management: Prompt control of pests and fungal infections prevents cascading effects on fruit drop.
  
• Pollination Support: For self-incompatible varieties, ensure compatible cultivars or introduce pollinators like bees and butterflies.
  
• Windbreaks: Plant hedges or wind barriers to reduce wind damage and limit flower and fruit loss.

Practical Advice

While some degree of fruit and flower drop is unavoidable, excessive losses can usually be mitigated through careful orchard management. Attention to fertilisation, irrigation, pest control, and pollination provides the best defence against unnecessary drop.

Further Reading and References

• Concentrated Seagold Seaweed Extract
• Nitrogen Fertilisers
  
• Boron Application
  
• Calcium Fertilisers
  
• Zinc
  
• Soil Test & Leaf Analysis
  
• Pruning and Grafting tools
  
• Pruning machines 
  
• Gardening tools
  

Introduction

Managing a professional olive production enterprise requires a holistic operational system that covers every aspect of grove management – from seasonal field practices to financial tracking and technology integration. This report outlines a comprehensive system designed for professional olive producers in Australia (with relevance internationally), detailing best-practice management structures, cost tracking methods, data monitoring and decision-support tools, forecasting techniques, and ready-to-use workflows and templates. By implementing a structured approach with clear planning, recordkeeping, and modern tech integration, olive growers can improve productivity, sustainability, and profitability. The following sections break down the components of this system with practical guidelines and examples.

Olive Grove Management Structure 

Effective olive grove management is multi-faceted, involving year-round planning and execution of tasks. It is helpful to organise these tasks by season and category, ensuring nothing is overlooked throughout the year. Table 1 provides an overview of key seasonal activities in an Australian context (southern hemisphere), which can be adjusted for other regions (the timing of seasons will differ in the northern hemisphere ). Each activity should be supported by detailed record-keeping and adherence to best practices for orchard maintenance, irrigation, nutrition, pest control, pruning, and harvest. 

Seasonal Planning and Task Scheduling 

Proactive seasonal planning is vital. By mapping out activities month-by-month, growers can ensure each critical task is done at the right time. Many producers use a yearly task calendar or planner to schedule operations. For example, the Australian Olive Association’s Yearly Orchard Planner outlines monthly tasks ranging from machinery servicing in the off-season to timely fertiliser applications and harvest prep. Such a planner ensures cross-over tasks (e.g. tractor maintenance benefiting both grove and other farm enterprises) are efficiently scheduled. It’s important to adjust the calendar to local climate patterns and whether the grove is in the southern or northern hemisphere. Regular planning meetings (e.g. before each season change) can help assign responsibilities and resources for upcoming tasks.

Record Keeping and Documentation 

Accurate record keeping underpins all aspects of the operational system. Every activity – from spray applications to harvest yields – should be logged. This not only aids internal decision-making but also is often required for compliance (e.g. chemical use records) or quality assurance programs (such as the OliveCare® code of best practice ). Key records to maintain include: 

• Spray and pest monitoring logs: Document all pesticide/herbicide applications (date, product, rate, target pest/disease) and use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) scouting sheets to note pest pressures. Templates for spray records are available from agricultural extensions, helping ensure no treatment is missed and preventing overuse or misuse of chemicals. Fertiliser and irrigation records: Keep a diary of fertiliser applications (dates, type, amount per hectare) and irrigation events or water meter readings. This can highlight correlations between inputs and yields and assist in water management audits. 
•  Fertiliser and irrigation records: Keep a diary of fertiliser applications (dates, type, amount per hectare) and irrigation events or water meter readings. This can highlight correlations between inputs and yields and assist in water management audits. 
• Labour and equipment use: Track labour hours and machinery use for each major task (pruning, harvesting, etc.), which feeds into cost analysis (discussed later) and helps evaluate efficiency. 
• Yield and quality data: Record yield (tonnes of olives or litres of oil) per block or variety, along with quality parameters (e.g. oil yield %, free fatty acid, etc., for oil production). These records enable analysis of which practices or blocks are most productive. 
• Monitoring and scouting reports: Note observations such as tree health issues, phenological stages (flowering, fruit set dates), weather events (frosts, heatwaves) and any interventions taken. Photographs and drone images can be attached to records for visual reference. 

Orchard Maintenance and Infrastructure

General orchard maintenance activities ensure the grove’s long-term health and accessibility. These include ground cover management, upkeep of equipment, and maintaining the orchard environment: 

• Ground cover and weed control: Decide on a floor management strategy (e.g. maintain a mowed grass cover vs. bare ground). Ground covers can prevent erosion and improve soil health, but must be mowed or controlled to reduce competition for water. Scheduled slashing (mowing) of row middles is typically done multiple times per year. Apply herbicides in tree rows if needed to manage weeds; many groves use strip-spraying under trees a few times per year (e.g. paraquat or glyphosate in the growing season, plus a pre-emergent herbicide in winter). All chemical use should be recorded and follow safety regulations. 
• Soil health and fertilisation: Maintain soil structure and fertility through periodic amendments. Soil tests (e.g. annually or biennially, ideally in the same season each time) guide nutrient programs. Typical olive nutrition programs supply nitrogen (N) as the primary nutrient for yield, along with phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients as needed. In Australia, a common approach is to apply N fertiliser in split applications from late winter through summer to sustain shoot and fruit development. Some growers fertigate (apply fertiliser via irrigation) to spoon-feed nutrients. Organic matter additions (e.g. well-rotted manure or compost in winter) can improve soil water retention and microbial activity. Maintaining soil health is fundamental: “maximising soil health and quality is key” to productive trees. 
• Infrastructure and equipment: Regularly inspect and maintain farm infrastructure. This includes servicing machinery (tractors, mowers, sprayers, harvesters) during the off-season, maintaining roads and drainage in the grove, and repairing trellises or tree stakes in high-density systems. Having a workshop log for equipment ensures each tractor or implement receives timely oil changes, filter replacements, etc. Also, maintain storage sheds, fencing, and signage (especially for chemical storage areas, to meet safety standards). A well-maintained infrastructure reduces downtime during critical periods like harvest.

Irrigation Management

Efficient water management is crucial for olive production, especially in Australia’s climate, where seasonal droughts are common. Olives are relatively drought-tolerant, but strategic irrigation greatly improves yield and oil quality in most Australian growing regions. Key components of irrigation management include:

• Irrigation system design & maintenance: Most professional growers use drip irrigation for precision and water efficiency. Ensure the system is well-designed (e.g. one or two drip lines per row, emitters appropriately spaced for the tree density and soil type ). Regular maintenance tasks should be scheduled: flushing lines and sub-mains to clear sediment, cleaning filters, checking for clogged emitters, and repairing leaks. In the yearly planner, irrigation maintenance appears as a recurring task (line checks, filter cleaning, etc.) multiple times a year. Also, check pump performance and replace batteries in electronic controllers or moisture sensor units on a set schedule. 
• Scheduling and monitoring: Use a combination of methods to schedule irrigation – weather data, soil moisture monitoring, and phenological stage of the trees. Installing on-site weather stations provides localised climate data (rainfall, evapotranspiration, temperature) for scheduling decisions. Soil moisture probes at different depths offer real-time insight into soil water status. Many Australian groves employ such probes and even have staff dedicated to monitoring soil moisture and irrigation efficiency. By tracking soil moisture and tree stress (e.g. via leaf turgor or even remote sensing of canopy), irrigation can be applied only when necessary – conserving water while avoiding yield-reducing stress. A common strategy is to meet full water needs during critical growth stages (flowering, fruit set, early fruit growth) and possibly reduce water towards harvest to concentrate oil (regulated deficit irrigation). For example, in Western Australia, a mature grove might need ~3 to 10 megaliters per hectare over the dry season, depending on the region. Each grove should have an irrigation schedule that is updated weekly based on weather and soil feedback. 
• Technology integration: Modern “smart irrigation” technologies can greatly aid water management. Automated irrigation controllers that adjust watering based on sensor inputs or weather forecasts are commercially available. As one industry guide notes, “smart irrigation systems – combining soil-moisture sensors and automated controllers – enable more precise, efficient water management,” tailoring water delivery to the orchard’s needs. A recommended setup for high-efficiency irrigation includes an on-site weather station, multi-depth soil moisture probes (to monitor moisture and even salinity at various depths), water quality sensors (EC sensors for salinity), flow meters for tracking volumes, and a digital platform or dashboard to view all this data. By adopting such technology, growers can remotely monitor their irrigation and even receive alerts (e.g. if soil is too dry or a pump fails), allowing quick adjustments. In practice, this means a more data-driven irrigation strategy, improving water use efficiency and potentially boosting yields for the same water input. 

Overall, irrigation in an olive operational system should be proactive and precision-focused. Given water scarcity concerns, Australian producers in particular benefit from these efficient practices – a fact evidenced by large groves like Boundary Bend investing heavily in irrigation technology research to “use less water but retain optimum productivity”. Well-managed irrigation not only saves water and energy, but also directly contributes to consistent yields and oil quality. 

Fertilisation and Soil Nutrition

Proper fertilisation of olive trees ensures they have the nutrients needed for vegetative growth, fruiting, and recovering after harvest. The nutrition program should be based on soil and leaf analysis plus the grove’s yield goals. Key points include:

• Macro-nutrients: Nitrogen (N) is typically the most yield-driving nutrient for olives. Deficiency in N can limit fruit set and yield, while adequate N supports new shoot growth (which forms next year’s fruiting wood). Common practice is to apply N fertiliser annually, split into 2–3 applications: e.g. one in late winter (just before bud-break), one in spring (during fruit set), and sometimes another in early summer. This timing ensures nutrients are available at critical stages. Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) should also be maintained at sufficient levels; K in particular is removed in large amounts with the fruit (olives are high in oil and thus K) and needs replenishment. If leaf or soil tests show low P or K, apply appropriate fertilisers (often in autumn or winter so they are in place by spring). Calcium (Ca) is important for drupe development and can be supplied via lime if soil pH needs correction or gypsum if pH is fine, but Ca is needed.  
• Micro-nutrients: Boron is a micronutrient especially important for olive flowering and fruit set; boron foliar sprays before flowering can improve fruit set in boron-deficient areas. Other micronutrients like iron, zinc, and manganese can be foliar-fed if deficiencies are indicated. A foliar feeding program in spring (e.g. including urea, boron, zinc) is practised by some growers to give the trees an extra boost during flowering/fruit-set. Always use soil/leaf analysis to guide micronutrient use, as excesses can be harmful. 
• Soil management and amendments: Olive trees prefer well-drained soils; if the orchard has compacted soil or poor structure, consider off-season soil amendments (organic matter, gypsum for clay, etc.) or physical soil loosening. For example, subsoiling in winter (cutting vertical slots in grassy middles) can improve root penetration and water infiltration. Maintaining a slightly alkaline soil pH (~7-8) is often ideal for olives; apply lime if the soil is too acidic. Additionally, cover crops or mulches can be used to improve soil organic matter and nutrient cycling. Some advanced groves recycle their olive pomace or prunings back into the soil as compost/mulch, contributing to a “zero waste” approach and carbon sequestration. 
• Fertigation and foliar feeding: Where drip irrigation is used, fertigation (injecting soluble fertilisers into irrigation) can distribute nutrients efficiently. It allows spoon-feeding of N or K throughout the growing season, avoiding large single doses. Foliar feeding (spraying nutrients on leaves) can quickly correct deficiencies or provide timely nutrients (e.g., a postharvest foliar N spray to help build reserves, or a pre-bloom boron spray as mentioned). The Yearly Orchard Planner explicitly schedules foliar fertiliser sprays and post-harvest foliar feeds in certain months. Always follow guidelines for concentration and do foliar sprays in appropriate conditions (cool parts of the day, adequate humidity) to avoid leaf burn.
  

Pest and Disease Control

Pest and disease management in olives should follow an Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) approach. This means using a combination of monitoring, cultural practices, biological controls, and chemical controls when needed. Key elements for a professional group include:

• Regular monitoring (scouting): Walk or drive through the grove frequently (at least weekly in spring and summer) to inspect for signs of pests or disease. Pay extra attention during key periods: for example, as soon as the weather warms in spring, look for new infestations of olive lace bug (which thrives in warm, moist conditions), or in late spring/summer, watch for scale insects on leaves and twigs. Use monitoring tools like yellow sticky traps or pheromone traps for pests such as olive fruit fly (in regions where it exists). The traps should be checked regularly and counts recorded. For diseases, winter and spring rains can trigger issues like Peacock Spot (olive leaf spot) and Anthracnose – inspect leaves and fruit after wet weather and consider lab testing if unsure of the pathogen. Maintaining a monitoring log is critical; the motto is “know how to spot the early sign and ensure affected trees are treated quickly to stop the spread”. 
• Preventative and cultural measures: Many problems can be mitigated by orchard maintenance. Pruning to open the canopy reduces humidity and foliar diseases. Cleaning up fallen fruit and pruning debris can break pest life cycles. For example, if black scale or other scales are a known problem, encourage natural enemies (avoid broad-spectrum insecticides that kill beneficial wasps) and prune out sooty mould-covered twigs. If olive fruit fly is present (a major pest in Mediterranean regions), a cultural technique is mass-trapping and prompt harvest (overripe fruit left on trees invites higher fly infestation). Also, in Australian groves, biosecurity is a consideration – preventing entry of exotic threats like Xylella fastidiosa (a deadly bacterium not present in Australia as of 2025) by controlling nursery stock movement and sanitising equipment that has been abroad. 
• Targeted chemical controls: When pest or disease pressures reach economic thresholds, timely use of pesticides or fungicides is necessary. Always choose registered chemicals and follow label rates and withholding periods. Common sprays in olives include copper-based fungicides (e.g. copper hydroxide) applied in winter or spring to combat fungal diseases like Peacock Spot and olive knot – the planner shows copper sprays in winter months. For insect pests, petroleum oil or specific insecticides can be used for scale insects and olive lace bug if infestations are heavy (some Australian growers gained permits for certain insecticides to manage lace bug outbreaks). Olive fruit fly control internationally often uses bait sprays (protein bait with insecticide) or cover sprays with spinosad or pyrethroids, timed to when fly populations rise; alternatively, kaolin clay sprays can deter oviposition. It’s crucial to rotate modes of action to avoid resistance and observe any export market restrictions on chemical use. 
• Best-practice IPM resources: Leverage industry resources and research. For instance, the AOA has published an Olive IPDM Best Practice Manual (by researchers Spooner-Hart and Tesoriero), which provides detailed guidance on managing olive pests and diseases in Australia. The International Olive Council also offers guidelines on olive diseases and their management. Being part of local grower networks or associations helps in staying informed about pest outbreaks or new control methods (as many regions have alert systems for things like olive fruit fly).  

Pruning and Canopy Management 

Pruning is a cornerstone of olive grove management, directly influencing yield, tree health, and harvest efficiency. A well-structured pruning program in a professional system includes: 

• Training young trees: In new orchards, establish the desired tree shape in the first 3–4 years with minimal pruning. Olive trees can be trained to various systems (traditional vase shape, central leader for hedge rows, etc.). The goal is to achieve the definitive shape early to stimulate production. For example, in high-density hedgerow groves, trees are often trained to a single central leader with supporting stakes and possibly a trellis in the first few years. Early pruning is mostly about removing shoots that disrupt the training form and encouraging a strong framework. Limited intervention in the first years maximises vegetative growth, as excessive pruning delays first yields. 
• Maintenance pruning of mature trees: Once in production, olives generally require annual light pruning and heavier pruning in alternate years, depending on the system. Objectives are to remove dead or diseased wood, thin out dense interior branches to let light into the canopy, and manage tree height/spread. This maintains productivity throughout the canopy and helps manage alternate bearing by balancing the fruiting wood. In traditional hand-harvest groves, pruning can be heavier (since trees may be larger and labour availability is a factor). In mechanical harvest (e.g. trunk shakers or over-row harvesters), keeping trees within a size range is critical – e.g. not taller than the harvester or keeping lower branches clear for trunk shaker clamps. Many modern groves use mechanical hedging every 1–2 years to trim sides or tops, combined with hand follow-up to clean up cuts and remove problem limbs. This reduces labour and encourages renewal growth. 
• Timing of pruning: In Australian conditions, pruning is often done in winter (Jun–Aug) when trees are in vegetative rest and after fruiting is finished. Pruning just after harvest is ideal, so the tree has maximum time to regrow before the next flowering. It’s noted that pruning very late (after bud burst in spring) can reduce yield potential because you’ve already invested resources in growth that gets removed. Conversely, pruning too early (in autumn before cold weather) can make trees susceptible to frost or disease through fresh cuts. Thus, timing should consider local climate (e.g. in colder areas, prune towards the end of winter to avoid frost damage to pruned trees ). If a disease like olive knot is present, some experts recommend summer pruning of infected limbs because wounds heal faster and disease spread is less in dry conditions. In practice, a combination may be used: main structural pruning in winter, with minor green pruning in summer to remove suckers or address disease. 
• Hygiene and disposal: Always use clean, sharp tools. Disinfect pruning equipment between trees if diseases are present (to avoid spreading pathogens like olive knot). After pruning, manage the prunings – in a professional grove, pruned branches are typically mulched/chipped on-site and returned to the row as mulch (saves on burning or removal, and recycles nutrients). However, if a serious disease is in the wood (e.g. Verticillium wilt), burning or disposing off-site may be necessary. The Yearly Planner includes “pruning and mulching” in its task list, indicating that prunings are mulched in situ. 
• Pruning intensity and yield: Proper pruning seeks to balance vegetative growth and fruiting. Since olives bear fruit on one-year-old wood, excessive pruning can reduce the next crop, while too little pruning leads to overcrowded branches and smaller fruits. Adopting a moderate, consistent pruning regime is often best for steady production (IOC guidelines emphasise rational pruning to keep olive growing competitive). Additionally, pruning is used to manage alternate bearing – in a heavy “on-year”, pruning a bit more can reduce fruit load and preserve tree resources, mitigating the following “off-year.” Research and field experience help inform how much to cut; for instance, some groves remove a certain percentage of canopy volume each year. As a reference, pruning can represent about 10–15% of production costs in traditional systems, so efficient pruning (mechanising where possible, or optimising labour) can also save costs. 

Harvest Planning and Logistics

Harvest is the culmination of the season and requires careful logistical planning to execute efficiently and preserve fruit quality. A comprehensive operational system addresses harvest in several ways: 

• Harvest timing strategy: Decide the optimal harvest window based on the end use of the olives and their ripeness indicators. For oil production, Australian producers often target a certain ripeness index (e.g. when 60–70% of fruit have turned purple on the skin, indicating peak oil yield and quality balance ). Table olive producers may harvest earlier (green to yellow-green stage) for green olives or later for black olives. The system should include sampling fruit for ripeness: for example, performing a rapid oil content analysis (such as a fruit NIR test) a few weeks before expected harvest, to forecast oil yield and schedule processing. Indeed, the orchard planner lists “Fruit NIR test (pre-harvest)” as a task in the lead-up to harvest. These data feed into yield projections and help coordinate with the mill or processing facility. 
• Labour and equipment coordination: In a professional setting, harvest may be done by mechanical means (trunk shakers with catch nets, over-the-row harvesters for hedgerows, or other harvesters) or by contracted hand crews (for table olives or smaller groves). Equipment preparation is crucial – as noted, pre-harvest servicing of machinery (cleaning, repairs, spare parts on hand) should be completed in advance. If contracting harvesters or crews, confirm bookings well ahead. The system should include a harvest plan document covering: which blocks to harvest in what sequence, estimated yield and picking days per block, the crew or machine assigned, bin availability, and transport arrangements. Contingency plans for rain or delays should be in place (e.g. access to additional storage if processing gets backed up). 
• Logistics and processing: Arrange logistics so that harvested olives are processed quickly. For oil, olives should ideally be milled within 24 hours of harvest to preserve quality. This means scheduling trucking from the orchard to the mill daily (sometimes multiple runs per day in peak). For table olives, handling is also time-sensitive to prevent heating or damage in the picked fruit. The operational system might use tools like a harvest dashboard or daily log: tracking each day’s picking output, any machine breakdown, and quality notes. Communication devices or apps can allow field supervisors to update the processing plant on incoming quantities. If the grove is large, consider dividing into teams or sections to stagger harvest and use resources optimally. 
• Safety and compliance: Harvest operations should be conducted safely. Include in the plan a checklist for safety gear (e.g. hearing protection for machine operators, proper fruit ladder usage for hand pickers), machine safety checks, and adequate breaks and amenities for workers (especially important in Australian heat conditions). Also, ensure food safety standards if the fruit is for consumption: bins and equipment that contact olives should be clean and, if required, food-grade. If exporting, ensure any phytosanitary requirements are met (some destinations require certification that olives are pest-free – integrate any required field inspections or documentation into the harvest workflow). 
• Post-harvest activities: Immediately after harvest, the system should initiate post-harvest tasks. These include equipment clean-down (preventing disease spread or corrosion from olive juice on machinery), orchard clean-up (collect any dropped fruit to reduce pest carryover), and post-harvest orchard treatments as mentioned (foliar nutrients, irrigation adjustments, etc.). Also, yield recording is finalised post-harvest – total weights and oil yields per block are compiled. A debrief meeting at the end of harvest can capture what went well and what could improve (e.g. was labour sufficient, were there bottlenecks at the mill, etc.), which then feeds into planning for the next season. 

By detailing harvest logistics in the operational system, a grower ensures that this critical period is handled smoothly. It’s often said that in olives, “90% of the quality is influenced by what happens on the farm” – timely harvest and proper handling are a big part of that. Thus, the comprehensive plan treats harvest not as a rushed event but as a well-orchestrated project each year.

Cost of Production Tracking

Understanding and controlling the cost of production is essential for a sustainable olive business. This part of the system involves setting up templates and tools to track all costs, from orchard inputs to labour and equipment, and calculating metrics like cost per hectare and cost per tonne of olives (or per litre of oil). A professional approach includes:

• Defined cost categories: Organise expenses into clear categories. For example: Input costs (fertilizers, manures, pesticides, herbicides, fuel for irrigation pumps), Labour (permanent staff salaries, seasonal pickers’ wages, contract pruners, etc.), Equipment and machinery (maintenance, depreciation, fuel for tractors, harvester lease or purchase costs), Services (outsourced activities like contract harvesting or milling fees, agronomy consulting services, laboratory tests), Monitoring & technology (costs for sensors, farm management software subscriptions, drone imaging services), and Overheads (land leases or rates, insurance, admin). By itemising costs, you can pinpoint where money is going. Many growers use a spreadsheet or farm accounting software that mirrors these categories in the chart of accounts. 
• Templates for data entry: Develop or adopt templates where staff can enter data regularly. For instance, a daily log could capture labour hours and machine hours by task (these can later be summed per operation). A purchase log tracks all input purchases (date, vendor, quantity, cost, purpose). A harvest cost worksheet might compile costs specifically incurred during harvest (extra labour, fuel, machinery rental) and can be matched against the yield from that harvest. These templates ensure data is collected consistently. Over time, the data can populate an enterprise budget for the olive operation, showing the cost of each activity per hectare. The University of California, for example, publishes sample cost studies for olive production, which list typical operations and their costs per acre; growers can use such studies as a starting template and adjust them with their actual figures. 
• Per-hectare and per-tonne analysis: At the end of each season (or financial year), calculate the total cost per hectare of managing the orchard and the cost per tonne of olives produced (or per ton of oil, if oil is the product). These metrics are crucial for benchmarking. For instance, if it costs $4,000/ha/year to maintain the grove and the yield is 8 tonnes/ha, the production cost is $500 per tonne. Breaking it down further, you might find harvesting is $150/tonne, pruning $50/tonne, etc. Notably, international studies have found that harvest is often the single largest cost in olive oil production – around 35% of total costs on average – followed by irrigation (~17%) and fertilisation (~16%). Pruning is also significant (in one study, ~14% of costs). These figures underscore why efficiency in harvest and water use is financially important. Table 2 illustrates a hypothetical cost breakdown for an olive oil grove, which might be compared against industry benchmarks or previous years. 

• Cost monitoring and control: With data in hand, the system should support monitoring key cost drivers. For example, tracking labour hours per task can reveal if pruning took significantly more hours this year than last – prompting investigation (were trees too overgrown? Do workers need better tools or training?). Monitoring chemical costs might show if pest issues are increasing. These insights allow for course corrections. Perhaps investing in a mechanical pruner reduces pruning labour cost, or improving IPM reduces spray costs. Cost data also support pricing decisions and negotiation: e.g. if contract harvesting is a big slice, you might negotiate a better rate or invest in your own equipment if economical. The goal is to continuously improve the cost-efficiency of operations without sacrificing yield or quality. 
• Budgeting and forecasting costs: The system should include an annual budgeting step. Before each season, project the expected costs (and yields/prices) to forecast profitability. Use the previous year’s actuals as a base and adjust for changes (e.g. new planting coming into production, or rising fertiliser prices). A budget helps ensure adequate working capital is available throughout the year and highlights if the cost per tonne is creeping too high relative to expected oil prices, for instance. Many farm management software packages allow setting budgets and then tracking actual expenses against them in real time. 

Integration of Data Monitoring Systems and Decision Support Tools

Modern olive farming can greatly benefit from data-driven decision support, using sensors and information technology (the realm of IoT – Internet of Things and smart farming). Integrating such systems into daily operations turns raw data (weather, soil moisture, pest counts, etc.) into actionable insights. In this comprehensive system, the following integrations are recommended:

• Environmental monitoring (weather and climate): Install an on-site weather station that logs temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind, and possibly evaporation rates. This provides real-time local climate data, which can feed irrigation scheduling models and disease risk models (many disease forecasting tools for fungi, for instance, use leaf wetness and temperature data). The weather station should ideally connect to an online platform or a dashboard so that you can view current conditions and 7-day forecasts. Commercial dashboards often integrate professional forecast services; for example, the Agricolus platform provides 7-day localised weather forecasts updated hourly. Knowing forecasted rain or heat helps decide when to spray or irrigate. Over the years, climate data also informs varietal performance and flowering/ harvest timing trends. 
• Soil moisture and irrigation sensors: As touched on in the irrigation section, soil moisture probes are key IoT devices. These typically are buried at multiple depths in representative parts of the orchard and transmit soil moisture readings regularly. Many systems use capacitance or FDR sensors that can be read remotely. By checking the soil moisture profile via a dashboard, managers can make precise irrigation calls (e.g. wait another day vs. irrigate now, how deep the last rain/irrigation wetted, etc.). Some advanced systems also have automatic valve control – essentially, the system can trigger irrigation when soil dries beyond a threshold or based on a scheduled program adjusted by sensor input. Additionally, monitoring soil temperature is useful (for root health and timing of fertiliser uptake), and soil electrical conductivity (EC) sensors can warn of salinity build-up, prompting leaching irrigations if necessary. All these sensors can be part of an integrated network sending data to the central dashboard. 
• Plant and pest monitoring IoT: New technologies are emerging for monitoring plants and pests directly. Examples include dendrometers (sensors on tree trunks that measure minute changes in trunk diameter to detect water stress), although still more common in research than in industry. Another example is electronic pest traps – some companies have smart traps for insects (like olive fruit fly traps with cameras or sensors that count insects and send data). These can greatly reduce the labour of checking traps and provide early warnings. Remote camera surveillance in the grove can also monitor for animal intrusions or even growth progress (with AI to count fruit or assess canopy health). In the absence of such specialised tools, manual data collection can be digitised: field workers can use a mobile app to input scouting observations (for phenology stage, pest counts, etc.), which gets geotagged and uploaded. In fact, platforms like Agricolus offer a mobile app for crop scouting where staff can log phenology, pest presence, and even trap counts on the go. This ensures pest data is not just on paper but part of the data repository for analysis. 
• Remote sensing and aerial data: Integrating satellite imagery or drone imagery adds another layer of monitoring. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, for example, is freely available and provides vegetation indices like NDVI every 5 days at 10m resolution. Some farm platforms incorporate this automatically – Agricolus, for instance, allows consulting Sentinel-2 images with vigour and water stress indices to assess crop health and guide scouting. These vegetation index maps can highlight areas of the orchard that are underperforming or stressed, so you can investigate those specific zones (perhaps an irrigation issue or nutrient deficiency). Drones can capture higher-resolution images; some growers use drone flights to get detailed maps of tree canopy density or even thermal images to see water stress. As noted in a project with Boundary Bend, combining satellite, airborne, and ground sensor data can reveal when parts of a grove are water-stressed or facing issues that “can’t be detected with the naked eye”, enabling earlier intervention. The ultimate aim is an integrated view of the orchard’s health in near real-time. 
• Digital dashboards and software: All the above data streams (weather, soil, pest, imagery) are most useful when aggregated into a dashboard or farm management software. There are commercially available solutions tailored for olives. For example, Agricolus OLIWES is a decision support system specifically for olive farms that integrates various data inputs and models. It acts as a “control and forecast tool” helping growers apply effective strategies by combining forecast models, scouting data, and remote sensing. OLIWES and similar platforms often include features like: field mapping and geo-referenced records, operations tracking (recording all cultivation practices by location/date), pest and disease risk forecasting models (e.g. an olive fly risk model that warns when conditions are favorable for a fly outbreak ), phenology models predicting flowering and fruit development stages, irrigation and fertilization recommendation models (suggesting when and how much to irrigate or fertilize based on weather and crop stage), and economic/sustainability reports (yield, inputs, and even generating traceability records for each batch of olives). Such software can significantly improve decision-making: for instance, a dashboard might alert the manager that, according to the model, the orchard needs X mm of irrigation this week, or that olive fly trap counts have hit threshold in Block A, recommending treatment. Additionally, tasks can be assigned to staff through these platforms (task management features) to ensure everyone is informed in real-time. 
• Examples of adoption: In Australia, there's a push for these technologies. Hort Innovation’s pilot programs have shown that using a digital dashboard to integrate sensor data on farms can “improve the productivity and environmental performance of farming systems”. By 2023, guides were published to share knowledge of emerging sensors and software across horticulture. Large olive enterprises like Cobram Estate (Boundary Bend) are actively evaluating “a range of systems, including remote sensing and low-cost sensors” to inform water management and other practices. These examples signal that the future of olive grove management will be increasingly data-rich. Professional growers are encouraged to start with whatever scale of tech integration is feasible – even if it’s just one weather station and a soil sensor to start – and build up the digital monitoring system over time. The ROI (return on investment) can come from water savings, better pest control timing, improved yields, and labour efficiency (fewer manual checks needed, more targeted interventions). 

Forecasting Tools: Yield Projection, Budgeting, and Long-Term Planning

To run a sustainable olive operation, one must not only react to the present conditions but also anticipate the future. Forecasting tools help in predicting yields, planning resources and finances, and strategising for the long term. This section details how to incorporate forecasting into the operational system:

• Historical data analysis: The simplest tool is your own historical data. Analyse yields of each block over years alongside factors like weather and biennial bearing patterns. Wide olive varieties exhibit alternate bearing (heavy “on” crop one year, lighter “off” crop the next). If your records show such patterns, your baseline forecast might alternate high and low accordingly, adjusted by any known changes (like heavier pruning in an on-year may reduce the dip in the next off-year). Graphing yields against rainfall or irrigation can also yield insights – e.g. perhaps yields correlate strongly with spring rainfall totals, allowing a rough prediction if the spring was particularly wet or dry. 
• Tree observation and sampling: Fruit set counts early in the season can be extrapolated to forecast yield. For example, after flowering (say in spring), randomly select some trees and count the number of fruit per inflorescence or per branch, then estimate the tree’s total fruit count or weight. This can be labour-intensive but gives a field-based estimate. Some growers also measure inflorescence density during bloom (flowers per shoot) to gauge potential – low bloom suggests a low yield year. As the season progresses, one can do fruit size checks: e.g. in January (southern hemisphere summer), check fruit size and load to refine predictions. This method is not high-tech but is practical and often reasonably accurate by the halfway point of fruit development. 
• Pollen and climate models: Interestingly, research has shown that olive pollen counts and certain climate metrics can statistically predict yields well in advance. For instance, a study in Albania developed a regression model using spring rainfall and temperatures, plus the amount of pollen emitted, to forecast the olive crop up to 8 months before harvest. They found factors like rainfall in May–June and minimum night temperatures were significant predictors, as well as the volume of pollen (which indicates flowering intensity). The model produced a forecast in November for the next year’s harvest with about 0.77 correlation to actual yield. While such detailed models might not be readily available for all growers, the principle is that flowering intensity (which can be approximated by observing how heavy the bloom is or by pollen traps), combined with climatic conditions, can provide an early yield outlook. If the spring was very favourable (good chill in winter, no spring frost, ample bloom, good fruit set weather), one can expect a higher yield, and vice versa. 
• Remote sensing and AI yield estimation: Emerging tools use imagery and AI to estimate yield by literally “counting” or assessing fruit load. For table olives, machine vision can count fruits on sample branches. For olives, where counting tiny fruit is difficult, researchers have used canopy indicators. For example, a Spanish study used drone-based imagery to gauge tree canopy volume and area, then regressed that against yield to create an “on-year” yield forecast tool. They showed that by measuring each tree’s crown area via UAV (drone) orthoimages, they could predict the tree’s production in a given year with useful accuracy. The output was even used to generate spatial yield variability maps, which can help identify low-yield sectors of a grove. Likewise, satellite vegetation indices (like NDVI) combined with weather data have been used in research to predict regional olive yields months ahead. Some advanced growers or cooperatives employ agronomists or data analysts to run such models. For an individual grower, using a service or platform that offers yield forecasting might be the practical route. Agritech companies are beginning to offer yield forecasting modules in their software (for example, some farm management systems incorporate bloom surveys or NDVI data to output a yield estimate). 
• Integration with budgeting: Once a pre-harvest yield estimate is made (even if it’s a range like “likely 8–10 tons/ha”), plug that into your financial plans. It will drive decisions like whether additional harvest labour needs to be secured or if storage space at the mill is sufficient. It may also influence marketing – e.g. securing contracts for sales in advance if a big crop is expected. Conversely, if a poor crop is projected, a producer might plan to cut costs where possible or focus on quality (perhaps picking early for premium oil since quantity is low). 

In the operational system, it’s wise to formalise yield forecasting. For instance, schedule a “yield forecast review” meeting mid-season (maybe 6–8 weeks post flowering) to discuss all available info (fruit set, tree health, etc.) and come to a forecast. Update it again just before harvest with more solid numbers (e.g. from sample picking an olive bin from a tree or small plot and weighing). Document these forecasts and later compare them to actual yield to improve your methods over time. 

Budgeting and Financial Planning

Forecasting is not only about yield – it’s equally about financials. A robust operational system will include:

• Annual budgets: At the start of each financial year or growing season, prepare a detailed budget covering expected revenues and expenses. Use the cost tracking data from prior years (as described earlier) and the yield forecast to project income. For example, if you expect 50 tonnes of olives and plan to process them into oil with an extraction rate of 18%, that’s 9,000 litres of oil; if the market price is, say, $10/L for extra virgin, potential gross revenue is $90,000. Then see all costs (perhaps $60,000) to anticipate a profit margin. The budget helps ensure the business remains viable and can flag if you’d operate at a loss under certain scenarios, prompting strategy adjustments (like seeking higher prices or reducing certain costs). 
• Cash flow forecasting: Farming often has an uneven cash flow (expenses throughout the year, but revenue mainly at harvest/marketing time). A cash flow projection ensures you have the funds on hand to cover expenses until revenue comes. For instance, you may need to pay for harvest labour in April but only receive payment for oil sold in June. The system should include a cash flow spreadsheet or software tool that plots monthly cash in and out, so you can plan financing (overdrafts or savings usage) accordingly. Capital and long-term planning: Identify long-term investments needed and plan for them. This might include orchard redevelopment (e.g. replanting old low-density blocks to high-density), equipment purchases (a new harvester or mill), or irrigation system upgrades. These typically require multi-year planning financially. A capital expenditure plan covering the next 5– 10 years is useful. For example, if trees are 30 years old and declining, the plan might say: “Block A (10 ha) to be replanted in 3 years, Block B in 5 years,” with rough costs and timelines. Similarly, forecast equipment lifespan – if the tractor fleet will age out in 2 years, budget for replacements. Long-term resource planning also includes human resources (will you need to hire an orchard manager as the business grows?) and water resources (do you need to secure more water rights for expansion?). By forecasting these needs, you can start allocating funds or finding financing well in advance. 
• Sensitivity analysis: A good practice is to perform “what-if” scenarios as part of financial forecasting. For instance, what if the yield is 20% lower than expected? What if olive oil prices drop by 10% next year? Or conversely, what if a new pest causes a spike in costs? By modelling these scenarios, you can develop risk mitigation strategies (such as crop insurance, diversifying income streams, or establishing emergency reserves). This exercise makes the operation more resilient. 
• Use of software: Consider leveraging farm finance software or even just well-structured spreadsheets for budgets. Some farm management systems allow linking the operational records with budgeting – for example, you input your planned activities, and it can estimate costs from your cost data (like if you plan 3 sprays, it sums up the expected chemical and labour cost). Hort Innovation and ag extension bodies sometimes provide budgeting tools for growers. The International Olive Council has done studies on production costs, and industry associations might have downloadable budget templates as part of business planning resources.

By treating budgeting and financial forecasting as an integral part of the operational system (rather than an afterthought at tax time), professional growers ensure that agronomic decisions are grounded in financial reality. It also impresses stakeholders (banks, investors) when the business can show proactive financial planning. 

Long-Term Resource and Strategic Planning

Beyond the annual scale, a comprehensive system should guide strategic planning over the long term:

• Grove longevity and renewal: Olive trees can live for many decades, but commercial yields may decline or become inefficient to harvest if trees grow too large. Have a strategy for grove renewal: e.g. every X years, evaluate blocks for replanting or top-working to new varieties. If new high-performing cultivars or clonal rootstocks become available (through research by institutions or nurseries), consider trial blocks. Align replanting so it’s phased and doesn’t remove too much production at once – a rolling replant program can replace say 5–10% of the orchard at a time. Also, plan for tree density changes – some traditional groves are being converted to semi-intensive or hedgerow systems for mechanisation; this requires investment and learning new management methods, so it should be in the strategic roadmap with timelines.
• Technology roadmap: Similar to trees, technology evolves. Map out potential tech upgrades: for instance, aim to have a farm-wide sensor network in 3 years, or adopt a new farm management software next year, or acquire a drone for imagery. If current dashboards or software are working, still keep an eye on updates or alternatives that might offer better analytics or integration (for example, perhaps an Australian research body releases an app specifically for olive irrigation scheduling – it would be worth evaluating such a tool). Staff training is part of this plan – allocate time and budget for training on new tools or attending industry tech workshops. 
• Sustainability and certifications: Increasingly, long-term success is tied to sustainability. Plan for resources like soil and water to be maintained or improved. This could include water efficiency targets (e.g. reduce water use per tonne by 10% over 5 years through tech and practices) or soil health targets (organic carbon percentage increase, etc.). If pursuing certifications (organic, sustainable farming programs, or quality schemes like OliveCare®), include the timeline to achieve and maintain those. Sustainable practices often also future-proof the farm against regulatory changes or market demands (e.g. if carbon footprint becomes a selling point).  
• Market and product strategy: While agronomy is core, a professional operation also plans how to maximise the value of the product. Strategically, you might plan to shift more production to extra virgin olive oil-branded product vs bulk, or develop a table olive line, or invest in an on-site processing plant. These decisions involve resource planning (money, expertise, possibly partnerships) and are multi-year endeavours. Having them in the operational system’s strategic outlook ensures day-to-day decisions align with those goals (for instance, if planning for a premium oil brand, you might invest more in quality management in the grove, like selective harvesting at optimal times). 
• External factors and contingency planning: Identify long-term risks such as climate change (do models predict less rainfall or more heatwaves in your region? If so, consider droughtresilient varieties or additional water storage projects), biosecurity threats (like the spread of olive fruit fly or Xylella – keep updated with research and preparedness plans via organizations like your local ag department or the IOC), and economic shifts (tariffs, changing consumer preferences). Having contingency plans or at least awareness can help you adapt proactively. For example, some Australian producers are exploring high-density plantings with mechanical harvest to remain profitable as labour costs rise – this kind of strategic pivot can be planned and trialled before it becomes urgent.

Workflows, Templates, and Operational Checklists 

To translate all the above components into day-to-day action, the system should provide clear workflows and ready-to-use templates. These resources ensure consistency, save time, and serve as training tools for staff. Below are some of the key templates and checklists recommended, along with their purpose:

• Operational Checklists: These are step-by-step lists for specific activities or periods. For example, a Pre-Harvest Checklist might include items like “Confirm harvest crew availability or harvester booking,” “Service harvesting machinery (checklist of parts),” “Prepare harvest bins/ crates and cleaning of storage,” “Arrange fuel supply for continuous running,” “Test scales or weighing equipment,” etc. Having this checklist means as harvest season approaches, managers can systematically ensure everything is ready (the AOA Yearly Planner includes “Pre-harvesting equipment preparation” as a task, which would tie into such a checklist ). Similarly, a Post-Harvest Checklist ensures things like equipment clean-up, remaining fruit removal, final irrigation, sending samples of oil for analysis, and data recording are all done. Other useful checklists could be Weekly Field Inspection (listing what to inspect: irrigation function, any new pest damage, tree stress signs, etc.), Spray Day Checklist (covering PPE, correct calibration of sprayer, suitable weather conditions, notifying any neighbours if required, record entry after spraying). By making these checklists part of the SOPs, even new employees can follow the standard procedure and nothing critical is forgotten. 
• Templates for Cost and Labour Tracking: We discussed in the cost section about maintaining logs. Concretely, provide your team with templates such as a Daily Work Log (with columns for date, task performed, employee, hours, machine used, etc.), a Chemical Use Record (to record details each time pesticides are applied – often a legal requirement; this can be a pre-made form including fields for weather at time of spraying, which nozzle, etc.), and a Purchase Order or Input Inventory Template (tracking incoming supplies and their usage). If using spreadsheets, these templates can have formulas, e.g., summing up total hours per task each month or calculating costs when you input quantity and price. If the farm uses farm management software, many of these records can be entered via the software’s interface, but having a defined template ensures the data captured is uniform. For instance, Penn State Extension offers spray record-keeping spreadsheets for orchards to integrate with IPM plans – a template like that can be adapted for olives and included in the system. 
• Monitoring and Field Logs: Create field scouting sheets that prompt what to observe. An IPM scouting template might list key pests (with a space to rate their incidence or count them) and common diseases, plus the phenological stage of the olives and general tree condition. This can be on paper or a digital form on a tablet. By filling these out regularly, the team ensures a systematic approach to monitoring (not just ad hoc observation). Similarly, an Irrigation log template can record weekly water amounts applied per block and any notes (e.g. pump issues, or a heatwave requiring extra water), which later helps in evaluating water use efficiency. 
• Reporting Formats: For a professional operation, periodic reports keep everyone (owners, managers, investors) informed. Establish a format for a Monthly Operations Report that summarises activities completed, any issues, and progress vs. plan. It could include sections like Weather Summary, Field Operations Done, Pest/Disease status, Labour hours used, Expenses vs budget for the month, etc. This not only provides accountability but also serves as a diary of the season. Additionally, an Annual Report or Season Review can be compiled post-harvest with overall yield, quality outcomes, total costs, lessons learned, and plan adjustments for next year. If the farm is part of certifications or programs, these reports can help in audits or renewing certifications by documenting adherence to certain protocols. 
• Digital Task Management: If using digital tools, leverage any task or workflow features. For example, assign recurring tasks in a calendar (many farm apps allow scheduling tasks with reminders). Create a maintenance schedule for equipment within the system – e.g. tractor service every 250 hours – so it notifies when due. A lot of modern farm management software essentially digitises templates and workflows (like generating work orders for fertilisation events with pre-filled instructions and safety notes). For those preferring traditional methods, a simple whiteboard or pin-up board in the farm office with the week’s and month’s checklists can be effective – basically mirroring the planner and checklists in a visible way for the team. 

In the resources library of industry organisations, many of these templates are available. The Australian Olive Association, for instance, provides resources like the Yearly Orchard Planner, an IPDM manual, and other guides which include checklists and record sheets (often accessible to members). International bodies like the IOC or FAO have Good Agricultural Practices manuals that contain sample record forms. The key is to adopt and customise these to your farm’s needs, then consistently use them.

By having structured workflows and templates, the operation runs in a systematised way rather than relying on memory or ad hoc decisions. This reduces risk (e.g. missing a spray or forgetting to service something) and improves training – new staff can quickly learn the ropes by following established formats. Moreover, in the event a manager is away, the existence of clear checklists and templates means the team can continue to function with minimal disruption, since the “recipe” for tasks is documented. 

Recommended Technologies and Software

To support the comprehensive system described, certain technologies and software tools are highly beneficial. Below, we provide recommendations for tools that are either commercially available or emanate from credible research institutions, ensuring they are reliable and suitable for professional use. These cover farm management platforms, specialised olive cultivation tools, and general agtech solutions:

• Farm Management & Decision Support Software: One of the leading examples tailored for olives is Agricolus – OLIWES (Olive Early Warning System). This is a cloud-based platform specifically designed as “the DSS for the olive grove”, integrating multiple features relevant to olive farming. It allows mapping of your olive fields, recording of all farming operations (with geolocation), and provides decision support models for irrigation, fertilisation, and pest control specifically for olives. Notably, it includes an olive fly forecasting model to warn growers of infestation risk and suggestions on when to treat. It also offers sustainability monitoring (tracking yield, water use, inputs) so you can monitor per-hectare performance and even generate traceability QR codes for your product batches. This kind of integrated platform can replace or supplement many of the manual templates by centralising records and providing powerful analytics. Other farm management systems, not olive-specific but widely used (with mobile app support), include AgriWebb or Agworld (common in Australia) – they allow farm mapping, task management, and record-keeping across enterprises. While those are not specialised for tree crops, they can be configured for olives (e.g. setting up activity templates for spraying, etc.). For growers who prefer self-hosted solutions, even generic tools like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets can be used with custom formulas – but these lack the automated modelling and sensor integration of dedicated platforms. Considering the time saved and insight gained, investing in a good farm management DSS platform is advisable for professional producers. 
• IoT Sensor Systems: Various vendors provide complete IoT solutions for agriculture. In Australia, for instance, Farmdeck is an example of a platform that offers sensors (weather, soil, water levels, etc.), network connectivity (LoRaWAN or cellular), and a dashboard to monitor the farm. Another is Moisture Coach or WildEye for irrigation monitoring. When choosing, ensure the system is robust for your conditions (e.g. does it have support in your region, and is it solar-powered to run in the field). The Hort Innovation Smart Farming project mentioned earlier is trialling some of these technologies on pilot farms – their published guide (2023) can give ideas on which sensor brands and software performed well. Weather stations like those from Davis Instruments or Metos can often be integrated into platforms (some farm platforms have direct API connections to certain station brands). For pest monitoring, TrapView is a product that offers automated insect trap monitoring with camera traps – while not specific to olives, it’s used in orchards for moths and could potentially work for monitoring olive moth or fruit fly if customised. Keep an eye on emerging tech from institutions as well: for instance, universities and the CSIRO often develop new sensor tech (there was a CSIRO project on olive water use efficiency that might yield tools like thermal imaging techniques or sap flow sensors for practical use ). 
• Mobile Apps for Field Data: If not using a comprehensive platform with an app, there are standalone apps that can help. For example, Xero® or QuickBooks® mobile can be used for snapping receipts and tracking expenses on the go (tying into cost tracking). SprayMate (an app for recording spray records) or general note-taking apps can also serve if a full farm app isn’t in place. The AOA’s resources include an Olive IPDM app that was developed to help identify pests/ diseases and guide actions – leveraging such educational apps improves field decisions. 
• Mapping and GIS tools: Having a digital map of the orchard is extremely useful. Tools like Google Earth Pro (free) or QGIS (open-source GIS) can be used to map tree rows, create management zones, or overlay yield maps. This can tie into precision ag – for example, marking areas with known issues (poor soil or past disease incidence) on a map layer. Some advanced growers use NDVI drone services: companies can be hired to fly a drone and provide NDVI or multispectral maps of your grove at certain times, which can then be analysed for variability in tree vigour. Over time, this can be correlated with yield or used to target soil sampling in low-vigour spots. As remote sensing tech becomes more accessible, even satellites can be leveraged by growers directly; for instance, the Trends in Remote Sensing Technologies in Olive Cultivation report highlights how satellite data has been used in the last 15 years – nowadays, platforms like Sentinel Hub or even some farm management tools allow you to visually assess your fields via recent satellite images (though tree crop interpretation requires some skill). 
• Institutional Tools and Resources: The International Olive Council (IOC) itself primarily provides research, standards, and manuals rather than software, but those are critical resources. The IOC’s “Production Techniques in Olive Growing” manual (originally by Barranco et al., often referred to as the “Olive Growing” handbook) is an encyclopedic reference covering all aspects of olive cultivation – an excellent resource for training staff or troubleshooting. The IOC also commissions studies like the cost analysis and economic reports; staying up to date with their publications (they have market reports and technical bulletins) can provide insight into industry trends and best practices. In Australia, AgriFutures and Horticulture Innovation Australia (Hort Innovation) produce reports and tools – for example, AgriFutures has published a Guide to Efficient Olive Harvesting, and Hort Innovation’s projects (like the digital monitoring one) often yield publicly available guides or fact sheets. The Australian Olive Association (AOA) is a conduit for many such resources: their website’s library (for members) includes technical manuals, field guides (like the revised IPDM field guide ), and even an online database of research. They also run the OliveCare® program, which essentially provides a framework and checklist for quality and grove management from an end-to-end perspective – enrolling in such a program can give a structure and support to your operational system (including templates, advice, and audits to keep you on track).
• Mechanisation and Equipment Technology: While not software, it’s worth noting the mechanical technologies that improve efficiency. For instance, modern tree shakers and catching systems drastically cut harvest cost and time – brands like Colossus or Pellenc have olive harvesters that are widely used in Australia’s super-high-density groves. There is also pruning machinery (like disc saw pruners or hedge trimmers) that can be mounted on tractors to speed up pruning in hedgerow systems. Embracing these technologies, where suitable, is part of a comprehensive system – it frees up labour and often improves consistency. The key is to ensure training on their use and maintenance becomes part of the routine. Newer equipment often comes with its own data systems (e.g. a harvester might log the weight harvested per row via load cells, or have GPS yield mapping capability); if available, integrate that data into your records.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a comprehensive operational system for professional olive producers weaves together agronomic best practices, detailed record-keeping, cost management, and technology integration and planning into one coherent framework. By implementing a structured management calendar, maintaining meticulous records of both activities and expenses, and leveraging modern sensors and software, growers can achieve a high level of control and insight into their operations. This system is designed to be holistic – covering the soil beneath the trees to the finances underpinning the enterprise – and adaptive, allowing for localisation (Australian conditions in this context, but with practices applicable globally) and continuous improvement as new knowledge or tools emerge. 

Crucially, the system emphasises that planning and monitoring are as important as doing. Seasonal checklists and annual planners ensure proactive management rather than reactive firefighting. Cost templates and forecasting tools ensure that production is not just good in the grove but also economically sustainable. Meanwhile, data from IoT sensors and decision support models enable precision farming – applying the right intervention at the right time and place, which is both cost-effective and environmentally responsible. 

Implementing this comprehensive system may require an initial investment in time (to set up templates, train staff) and capital (for technology or new equipment), but the returns are seen in higher yields, better quality, lower wastage of inputs, and improved ability to cope with challenges (be it a pest outbreak or a drought year). As demonstrated by progressive growers and supported by research, the integration of traditional olive cultivation wisdom with cutting-edge agtech forms the blueprint for the future of olive production. 

By following the structured approach outlined in this report, professional olive producers in Australia – and those in similar olive-growing regions worldwide – can enhance the productivity and sustainability of their groves. They will be well-equipped to produce olive oil and table olives of the highest quality, with an operation that is efficient, resilient, and ready to capitalise on innovations and market opportunities. The ultimate goal of this system is to ensure that every aspect of the olive orchard, from bud to bottle, is managed with excellence and foresight – securing both the profitability of the enterprise and the legacy of the grove for years to come.

Sources:

• Meo, C. (2023). Annual Olive Grove Maintenance Calendar (Seasonal tasks planning and example yearly planner tasks). 
• Thomas, L. (2025). Managing your olive grove – growing season checklist. Australian Olive Assoc. (Importance of soil health, pest monitoring, and OliveCare best practices)
  
• International Olive Council (2015). International Olive Oil Production Costs Study (Cost breakdown showing harvest, irrigation, and fertiliser as major cost components). 
  
• Agricolus (2025). OLIWES – The DSS for the olive grove (Features of an olive-specific farm management platform integrating remote data and decision support).
  
• Agromillora Group (2025). Precision irrigation in super-intensive olives (Use of soil moisture sensors, automated controllers, and digital platform for efficient irrigation management). 
  
• UNE & Boundary Bend (2020). Olive industry water efficiency tech study (Integration of remote sensing and low-cost sensors for monitoring tree health and water use). 
  
• Laska Merkoci, A. et al. (2016). Yield forecasting by meteorological factors and pollen (Statistical model using spring climate and pollen count to predict olive yield 8 months ahead).  
  
• Sola-Guirado, R. et al. (2017). UAV-based canopy geometry for yield forecast (Using drone imagery to estimate canopy volume and predict on-year yields, producing spatial yield maps).  
  
• Wisconsin Extension (2021). Recordkeeping Toolkit (Emphasising the importance of accurate recordkeeping and templates to document all farm operations).
  
• Australian Olive Association (2022). Yearly Orchard Planner (Month-by-month task checklist for grove maintenance, pest control, irrigation, sampling, etc., in Australian olive groves).